Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics: Si Version

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics: Si Version

Nikola Tesla | Inventor

Nikola Tesla | Inventor

पॉवर Generation

hat it is

Electric power is a fundamental necessity in all municipal and industrial endeavors. It is produced by power generation systems from primary energy sources such as uranium, fossil fuels (coal, oil or gas), as well as renewable sources such as water power, geothermal, wind and solar, biomass and municipal and industrial waste.
How it works

In the Oil & Gas industry and other industrial applications, power is generated by electric generators using, as prime movers, gas turbines, steam turbines, or reciprocating engines. Turbo-expanders are also used for power generation where a gas under pressure is expanded for process reasons, or made available for power recovery.

A gas turbine based power generation system may have several different configurations, from a simple cycle that provides no recovery of exhaust gas heat, to more sophisticated configurations that recover heat from the exhaust, thus enhancing the fuel efficiency of the overall system. Examples of the latter are cogeneration (CHP) systems featuring waste heat recovery boilers to produce steam or hot water for mechanical drive or heating purposes, and combined cycles that employ a waste heat boiler to produce superheated steam to drive a steam turbine. The combined cycle offers additional power generation capacity up to 50 percent more than that produced by the gas turbine alone. Hybrid systems including combined cycle and cogeneration are also common.

Stand alone steam turbine driven generator sets are used where steam is available from an industrial process, or when a boiler can be fed with low cost fuels from biomass or waste, in geothermal fields, and where steam is generated by solar energy.
GE Oil & Gas Offerings

* Heavy duty gas turbine – generator sets
* Aeroderivative gas turbine – generator sets
* Steam turbine – generator sets from 3 to 100 MW
* Turboexpander – generator sets
* Compressors (Centrifugal, Reciprocating, Oil-free Screw)
* Centrifugal pumps
* Air cooled heat exchangers
* Steam condensers
* Control & safety valves
* Product installation & maintenance services
* Revamps & rerates
* Contractual Service Agreements (CSAs)
* Technical training

रेफिनेरी Plant

What it is

Refineries convert the crude oil feedstock into commercial products by means of suitable distillation and chemical reactions, resulting in the production of a variety of valuable fuels and lubricants, as well as feedstocks for other downstream processes. Environmental regulations covering plant emissions and the composition of fuels drive plant upgrades and set new standards for grass root refineries.
How it works

The basic component of a refinery is the primary distillation (Topping) process where the crude oil is distilled into a number of fractions, from the lightest petroleum gases, to light and heavy naphtha, to the heaviest fractions up to asphalts and resid. The fractions coming from the topping unit are then treated in other processes for upgrading to commercially viable products; e.g., hydrodesulphurization and hydrotreating processes are used to produce fuels with reduced sulphur content, cracking processes are used to create a higher yield of lighter gasoil, kerosene and gasoline, the reforming process is used to increase the octane number of the gasoline, etc. The configuration of a refinery depends on the range of crude gravity that it is able to handle and on the final product mix it is designed for.
GE Oil & Gas Offerings

* Gas Turbine Packages for power generation (10 to 34 MW)
* Mechanical Drive Gas Turbines (10 to 34 MW)
* Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive
* Compressors (Centrifugal, Reciprocating, Oil-free Screw)
* Hot Gas Expanders
* Turboexpanders
* Centrifugal Pumps
* Compression/Pumping packages
* Heavy Wall Reactors
* Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
* Steam Condensers
* Control & Safety Valves
* Product Installation & Maintenance Services
* Revamps & Rerates
* Contractual Service Agreements
* Technical Training

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CCS tutorial

CSS Introduction

It is time to take your web designing skills to the next level with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). They are a way to control the look and feel of your HTML documents in an organized and efficient manner. With CSS you will be able to:

* Add new looks to your old HTML
* Completely restyle a web site with only a few changes to your CSS code
* Use the "style" you create on any webpage you wish!

A stylesheet can, and should be, completely separate from your HTML documents. When you have mastered CSS and HTML, you will be able to separate your web site's design and formatting (CSS) from the content (HTML).
Intended Audience

Before you begin the CSS Tutorial we suggest that you check to see you meet the following recommendations:

* You have used HTML in the past
* You know the basic HTML tags and vocabulary.
* You want to be a better web designer!

If you said no to one of the above, we recommend that you check out our HTML Tutorial before taking on CSS.

When you are ready, continue the tutorial to learn about the basic form of CSS and where you should place your CSS code.
CSS Selector

CSS selectors are the heart and soul of CSS. They define which HTML elements you are going to be manipulating with CSS code and you should have a solid understanding of them when you are finished with this tutorial. Luckily for you, they are pretty simple to comprehend!
CSS Selector: Where It Fits In

In a typical CSS statement you have the following:

* SELECTOR { PROPERTY: VALUE }

"Property" is the CSS element you wish to manipulate and "VALUE" represents the value of the specified property.
CSS Selector Name

The selector name creates a direct relationship with the HTML tag you want to edit. If you wanted to change the way a paragraph tag behaved, the CSS code would look like:

* p { PROPERTY: VALUE }

The above example is a template that you can use whenever you are manipulating the paragraph HTML element. In the next lessons, we will not only teach where to place your CSS, but why and where you should use CSS as well.

Internal CSS

Cascading Style Sheets come in three flavors: internal, external, and inline. We will cover internal and external, as they are the only flavors a designer should utilize. In this lesson, we cover the basics of the easier type, internal. When using internal CSS, you must add a new tag,

Your page's content!

This doesn't actually do anything visually. The code style tag just tells the browser that we will be defining some CSS to be used on this page.
Creating Internal CSS Code

CSS code is not written the same way as HTML code is. This makes sense because CSS is not HTML, but rather a way of manipulating existing HTML. Below is an example of some simple, yet fully functional, CSS code.
CSS Code:

White text on a black background!

Display:

White text on a black background!

You probably noticed that in our CSS code we were altering the and

HTML tags. The great thing about CSS is that it is an intuitive language. Once you understand the general format for CSS code, you are pretty much set.
General CSS Format:

* "HTML tag" { "CSS Property" : "Value" ; }

Back in our code example, we manipulated

and , both well known HTML tags. To clarify, here is a step-by-step process of what is going on in that first line of CSS code where we played around with "p".

* We chose the HTML element we wanted to manipulate. - p{ : ; }
* Then we chose the CSS attribute color. - p { color: ; }
* Next we choose the font color to be white. - p { color: white; }

Now all text within a paragraph tag will show up as white! Now an explanation of the CSS code that altered the 's background:

* We choose the HTML element Body - body { : ; }
* Then we chose the CSS attribute. - body { background-color: ; }
* Next we chose the background color to be black. - body { background-color: black; }

Until you become accustomed to using CSS code, you will probably find your CSS code not working as you expected. A leading cause of this might be an out of place :, ;, {, or } or it might be that you forgot to use a :, ;, {, or } when it was required. Be sure to check back here if you ever have issues with the correct format for CSS.
Internal CSS Gotta Knows

* Place your CSS Code between
* Be sure you know the correct format(syntax) of CSS code.
* CSS will literally save you hours of time... after you spend a few getting the hang of it.

CSS Code:

Your page's content!

This doesn't actually do anything visually. The code style tag just tells the browser that we will be defining some CSS to be used on this page.
Creating Internal CSS Code

CSS code is not written the same way as HTML code is. This makes sense because CSS is not HTML, but rather a way of manipulating existing HTML. Below is an example of some simple, yet fully functional, CSS code.
CSS Code:

White text on a black background!

Display:

White text on a black background!

You probably noticed that in our CSS code we were altering the and

HTML tags. The great thing about CSS is that it is an intuitive language. Once you understand the general format for CSS code, you are pretty much set.
General CSS Format:

* "HTML tag" { "CSS Property" : "Value" ; }

Back in our code example, we manipulated

and , both well known HTML tags. To clarify, here is a step-by-step process of what is going on in that first line of CSS code where we played around with "p".

* We chose the HTML element we wanted to manipulate. - p{ : ; }
* Then we chose the CSS attribute color. - p { color: ; }
* Next we choose the font color to be white. - p { color: white; }

Now all text within a paragraph tag will show up as white! Now an explanation of the CSS code that altered the 's background:

* We choose the HTML element Body - body { : ; }
* Then we chose the CSS attribute. - body { background-color: ; }
* Next we chose the background color to be black. - body { background-color: black; }

Until you become accustomed to using CSS code, you will probably find your CSS code not working as you expected. A leading cause of this might be an out of place :, ;, {, or } or it might be that you forgot to use a :, ;, {, or } when it was required. Be sure to check back here if you ever have issues with the correct format for CSS.
Internal CSS Gotta Knows

* Place your CSS Code between
* Be sure you know the correct format(syntax) of CSS code.
* CSS will literally save you hours of time... after you spend a few getting the hang of it.
External CSS

When using CSS it is preferable to keep the CSS separate from your HTML. Placing CSS in a separate file allows the web designer to completely differentiate between content (HTML) and design (CSS). External CSS is a file that contains only CSS code and is saved with a ".css" file extension. This CSS file is then referenced in your HTML using the instead of